\u00d6l\u00e7me, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc biriminin, fiziksel b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek nesne veya olayla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Basit\u00e7e s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn de\u011ferinin elde edildi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015ferit metre kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bir nesnenin ne kadar uzun oldu\u011funu anlar\u0131z. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn elde edildi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u00fcrecidir. <\/p>\n \u00d6l\u00e7mede bir standart, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek nesne veya olayla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fi takip edersek, \u015ferit metreyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bir cismin uzunlu\u011funu santimetrenin ka\u00e7 kez tekrarland\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r\u0131z, b\u00f6ylece nesnenin kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 santimetreyi biliriz.<\/p>\n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra, anlam\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm t\u00fcrlerinin neler oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n Do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm,<\/strong> bir miktar\u0131n do\u011frudan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc aletiyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek de\u011fi\u015fkenin standart bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n Bu nedenle do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm,<\/strong> bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc yapmak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir ara\u00e7 kullan\u0131larak elde edilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin bir cismin uzunlu\u011funu mezura ile \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm i\u015flemi uyguluyoruz. B\u00f6ylece elde edilen uzunluk de\u011feri do\u011frudan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm olacakt\u0131r. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm do\u011frudand\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir cihaz kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn temel avantaj\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen de\u011ferin \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde elde edilmesidir; sadece uygun aleti kullan\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc okuyun. \u00d6te yandan do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn dezavantaj\u0131 ise \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulu\u011funun, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihaz\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dolayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm,<\/strong> bir miktar\u0131n hesaplama yoluyla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Yani dolayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm de\u011ferini sa\u011flamaz, bir hesaplama yap\u0131larak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm elde edilir.<\/p>\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dolayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm,<\/strong> dolayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u00fcreciyle, yani hesaplama yapmak i\u00e7in bir form\u00fcl\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131yla elde edilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir karenin alan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez, ancak bir karenin alan\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nce kenar uzunlu\u011funu \u00f6l\u00e7mek (do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm), ard\u0131ndan bu uzunlu\u011fu ikiye \u00e7\u0131karmak gerekir. Bu nedenle dolayl\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmd\u00fcr \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc de\u011ferinin bilinmesi i\u00e7in bir hesaplama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n K\u0131saca dolayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmde en az bir hesaplaman\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. B\u00f6ylece, genellikle dolayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmde, \u00f6nce aletler yard\u0131m\u0131yla bir veya daha fazla de\u011fer belirlenir ve daha sonra bir form\u00fcl uygulanarak ilgilenilen de\u011fer hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Tekrarlanabilir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm,<\/strong> tekrar \u00fcretilebilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Yani tekrarlanabilir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm, yap\u0131lan deneyin veya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm i\u015fleminin tekrarlanabildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Yani tekrarlanabilir bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm,<\/strong> tekrarlanabilir bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u00fcreci yoluyla elde edilen, yani tekrar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Bu nedenle tekrarlanabilir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm, tahribats\u0131z bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen cisim tahrip edilirse veya hasar g\u00f6r\u00fcrse mant\u0131ksal olarak tekrar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez veya yeni bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmden elde edilen de\u011fer ayn\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin bir masan\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fini \u00f6l\u00e7ersek, ka\u00e7 kere \u00f6l\u00e7ersek \u00f6l\u00e7elim hep ayn\u0131 sonucu al\u0131r\u0131z, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu tekrarlanabilir bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan, bir malzemenin k\u0131r\u0131lma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek istiyorsak, malzemenin k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerilimi belirlemek i\u00e7in par\u00e7ay\u0131 yok etmemiz gerekir. Bu nedenle bu test ayn\u0131 par\u00e7ayla tekrarlanamaz ancak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc tekrarlamak i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 i\u015flemi ba\u015fka bir par\u00e7ayla tekrarlaman\u0131z gerekir. Bu nedenle tekrarlanabilir bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Tekrarlanabilir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin fizikte \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu, b\u00f6ylece di\u011fer bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n bir deneyde elde edilen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frulayabilmeleri ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam edebilmeleri gerekti\u011fini belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n Bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihaz\u0131,<\/strong> fiziksel bir miktar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir cihazd\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihaz\u0131, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn de\u011ferini elde etmenizi sa\u011flayan cihazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015ferit metre, uzunlu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc aletidir. Yani bir mezurayla bir nesnenin boyutunu belirleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn de\u011ferini belirlemek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan i\u015fleme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm i\u015flemi denir.<\/p>\n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletlerine \u00f6rnekler:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n Bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatas\u0131<\/strong> (veya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatas\u0131<\/strong> ), bir miktar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7erken ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir hatad\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen de\u011fer ile ger\u00e7ek de\u011fer aras\u0131ndaki farkt\u0131r.<\/p>\n M\u00fchendislik ve fizikte deneyler s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatalar\u0131 yapmak yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Her ne kadar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatas\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirecek \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nsa da, \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6zlem \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir miktar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 muhtemeldir.<\/p>\n Bu nedenle, genellikle s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir i\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi s\u00fcrecinde, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatalar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirgemek i\u00e7in dikkatli olmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatalar\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki iki t\u00fcre ayr\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen de\u011ferin ger\u00e7ek de\u011fere g\u00f6re fark\u0131 hesaplanarak i\u015flenen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatas\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilebilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece mutlak hata ile ba\u011f\u0131l hata aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n \n \n![\"\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\"](\"https:\/\/physigeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/aiguille-et-chronometre.jpeg\")
<\/figure>\n<\/span> \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm t\u00fcrleri<\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/span> do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm<\/span><\/h3>\n
<\/span> dolayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm<\/span><\/h3>\n
<\/span> tekrarlanabilir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm<\/span><\/h3>\n
<\/span> \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletleri<\/span><\/h2>\n
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<\/span>\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm hatalar\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n
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![\"E_{abs}=X_{\\text{mesur\u00e9}}-X_{\\text{actual}}\"](\"https:\/\/physigeek.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ebd44658e23f90c807f5515416f2e0f_l3.png\" "\\"Rendered")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"E_{rel}](\"https:\/\/physigeek.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7d1d012750ded6c84c32d296bb979a77_l3.png\" "\\"Rendered")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/ul>\n